P.T.P Hutauruk

Happy 20th birthday, World Wide Web

2009-04-30T02:00:00.000-07:00

Berners-Lee returned to CERN on 13 March this year to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the birth of the World Wide Web. He was joined by several web pioneers, including Robert Cailliau and Jean-François Groff, who worked with Berners-Lee in the early days of the project, and Ben Segal, the person who brought the internet to CERN. In between reminiscing about life at CERN and the early years of the web, the four gave a demonstration of the first ever web browser running on the very same NeXT computer on which Berners-Lee wrote the original browser and server software.

The event was not only about the history of the web; it also included a short keynote speech from Berners-Lee, which was followed by a panel discussion on the future of the web. The panel members were contemporary experts who Berners-Lee believes are currently working with the web in an exciting way.

Berners-Lee's original 1989 proposal showed how information could easily be transferred over the internet by using hypertext, the now familiar point-and-click system of navigating through information pages. The following year, Cailliau, a systems engineer, joined the project and soon became its number-one advocate.

The birth of the web

Robert Cailliau

Berners-Lee's idea was to bring together hypertext with the internet and personal computers, thereby having a single information network to help CERN physicists to share all of the computer-stored information not only at the laboratory but around the world. Hypertext would enable users to browse easily between documents on web pages that use links. Berners-Lee went on to produce a browser-editor with the goal of developing a tool to make a creative space to share and edit information and build a common hypertext. What should they call this new browser? "The Mine of Information"? "The Information Mesh"? When they settled on a name in May 1990 – before even the first piece of code had been written – it was Tim who suggested "the World Wide Web", or "WWW".

Development work began in earnest using NeXT computers delivered to CERN in September 1990. Info.cern.ch was the address of the world's first web site and web server, which was running on one NeXT computer by Christmas of 1990. The first web-page address was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html, which gave information about the WWW project. Visitors to the pages could learn more about hypertext, technical details for creating their own web page and an explanation on how to search the web for information.

To allow the web to extend, Berners-Lee's team needed to distribute server and browser software. The NeXT systems, however, were far more advanced than the computers that many other people had at their disposal, so they set to work on a far less sophisticated piece of software for distribution. By the spring of 1991, testing was under way on a universal line-mode browser, created by Nicola Pellow, a technical student. The browser was designed to run on any computer or terminal and worked using a simple menu with numbers to provide the links. There was no mouse and no graphics, just plain text, but it allowed anyone with an internet connection to access the information on the web.

www@20

Servers began to appear in other institutions across Europe throughout 1991 and by December the first server outside the continent was installed in the US at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). By November 1992 there were 26 servers in the world and by October 1993 the number had increased to more than 200 known web servers. In February 1993 the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign released the first version of Mosaic, which made the web easily available to ordinary PC and Macintosh computers.

The rest, as they say, is history. Although the web began as a tool to aid particle physicists, today it is used in countless ways by the global community. Today the primary purpose of household computers is not to compute but "to go on the web".

Berners-Lee left CERN in 1994 to run the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and help to develop guidelines to ensure long-term growth of the web. So what predictions do Berners-Lee and the W3C have for the future of the web? What might it look like at the age of 30?

In his talk at the WWW@20 celebrations Berners-Lee outlined his hopes and expectations for the future: "There are currently roughly the same number of web pages as there are neurons in the human brain". The difference, he went on to say, is that the number of web pages increases as the web grows older.

One important future development is the "Semantic Web" – a place where machines can do all of the tedious work. The concept is to create a web where machines can interpret pages like humans. It will be a "move from using a search engine to an answer engine," explains Christian Bizer of the web-based system groups at Freie Universität Berlin. "When I search the web I don't want to find documents, I want to find answers to my questions!" he says. If a search engine can understand a web page then it can pick out the exact answer to a question, rather than simply presenting you with a list of web pages.

Historic NeXT computer

As Berners-Lee put it: "The Semantic Web is a web of data. There is a lot of data that we all use every day, and it's not part of the web. For example, I can see my bank statements on the web, and my photographs, and I can see my appointments in a calendar, but can I see my photos in a calendar to see what I was doing when I took them? Can I see bank-statement lines in a calendar? Why not? Because we don't have a web of data. Because data is controlled by applications, and each application keeps it to itself."

"Device independence" is a move towards a greater variety of equipment that can connect to the web. Only a few years ago, virtually the only way to access the web was through a PC or workstation. Now, mobile handsets, smart phones, PDAs, interactive television systems, voice-response systems, kiosks and even some domestic appliances can access the web.

The mobile web is one of the fastest-developing areas of web use. Already, more global web browsing is done on hand-held devices, like mobile phones, than on laptops. It is especially important in developing countries, where landlines and broadband are still rare. For example, African fishermen are using the web on old mobile phones to check the market price of fish to make sure that they arrive at the best port to sell their daily catch. The W3C is trying to create standards for browsing the web on phones and to encourage people to make the web more accessible to everyone in the world.

• The full-length webcast of the WWW@20 event is available at http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1167328?ln=en.

NSCL researchers constrain nuclear symmetry energy at low density

2009-04-30T01:08:00.000-07:00

By analysing collisions between several combinations of tin nuclei, researchers at the Michigan State University National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) have refined the understanding of nuclear symmetry energy. Their work marks the first successful theoretical explanation of common observables that are related to symmetry energy in heavy-ion experiments. The results should help in discerning the properties of neutron stars, particularly in the crust region.

Betty Tsang

The nuclear attraction between a neutron and a proton is, on average, stronger than that between two protons or two neutrons. The nuclear contribution to the difference between the binding energy of a system of all neutrons and another with equal numbers of protons and neutrons is known as the symmetry energy. To allow for this difference, formulae to calculate nuclear masses include a symmetry-energy term. This term often takes a form that assumes the symmetry energy to be independent of density, even though its value inside the nucleus, at normal density, should exceed its value at the surface, where the density is lower and the ratio of proton to neutron densities differs from that for the nuclear interior.

The symmetry energy of a stable nucleus reflects typical nuclear densities of about 2–3 × 10¹⁴ g/cm³; it contributes modestly to the binding energy but influences significantly the stability of nuclei against beta decay. Despite the sensitivity of nuclear masses to its average value, the precise understanding of the dependence of symmetry energy on density has proved elusive, leading to large uncertainties in theoretical predictions for properties of nuclei that are very rich in neutrons. The effects of symmetry energy loom even larger in environments that have unusual ratios of protons to neutrons and much larger ranges of density, such as in neutron stars. There, the dependence of the symmetry energy upon density is one of the most uncertain parts of the mathematical palette describing the forces at play.

Now, Betty Tsang, Bill Lynch, Pawel Danielewicz and colleagues have helped to constrain understanding of the density dependency of symmetry energy by studying how it affects heavy-ion reactions at NSCL's Coupled Cyclotron Facility (Tsang et al. 2009). In two experiments, the team directed various beams of tin nuclei at stationary targets of tin. The four combinations included a beam of ¹²⁴Sn (50 protons and 74 neutrons) on a target of ¹²⁴Sn, ¹¹²Sn (62 neutrons) on ¹¹²Sn, ¹²⁴Sn on ¹¹²Sn, and ¹¹²Sn on ¹²⁴Sn. This allowed the researchers to create and study nuclear matter with different neutron-to-proton ratios over a range of density, which could be varied by adjusting the energy of the beam and the centrality of the collisions.

The team collected data on several observables, including isospin diffusion, which probes the neutron-to-proton ratio of neutron-rich projectile nuclei after collisions with neutron-deficient target nuclei. During grazing collisions at relative velocities of 0.3 c, a neck region with reduced density can form between projectile and target nuclei through which neutrons and protons can diffuse. The stronger the symmetry energy is in this neck region, the more likely the neutron-to-proton ratios in the projectile and target nuclei will equilibrate and become equal. A second observable involves comparisons of the energy spectra of neutrons and protons in central head-on collisions. In this case the symmetry energy expels neutrons from the central overlap region of the projectile and target nuclei; the ratio of neutron-to-proton emission then provides a probe of the variation in symmetry energy as the system compresses and expands during the collision.

By comparing the experimental data to results obtained with theoretical models developed by their Chinese colleagues, YingXun Zhang and Zhuxia Li at the China Institute of Atomic Energy, the team obtained constraints on the density dependence of symmetry energy at densities ranging from normal down to around one third nuclear matter density. The results will help to describe the inner crust of neutron stars, where the density of nuclear matter is in the 1–2 × 10¹⁴ g/cm³ range. The role of symmetry energy at the cores of such stars, where the density of nuclear matter reaches 8 × 10¹⁴ g/cm³, is currently associated with the largest uncertainty in descriptions of neutron stars.

100 world physics experts to meet at Depok

2008-12-18T14:55:00.000-08:00

Depok, West of Java (ANTARA News) - No less than 100 world class physics experts from 24 countries will join a world conference held at the University of Indonesia (UI) campus, from Tuesday (Aug 19) through Saturday (Aug 23), a spokesperson of the university said here on Monday.

"This conference will be attended by some 100 participants from 24 countries. These people are outstanding physicians mostly from the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)in the U.S and from Tokyo University in Japan. Japan will send 30 percent, the highest number, and Indonesia will be represented by 8 physicians," UI spokeswoman Devi Rahmawati, told ANTARA News

She said the conference themed "The Fourth Asia-Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics 2008" (APFB08), and scheduled to be opened by Minister of Research and Technology Kusmayanto Kadiman along with Rector of UI Gumilar R Somantri and Dean of Science School Adi Basukriadi.

She also explained that the conference to be held in Depok is the fourth for "few-body" problems in physics for the Asia-Pacific region.

The first conference held in 1999 at Tokyo, Japan. The next was held in 2002 in Shanghai, China, and the third was in 2005 in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.

Devi further said the organizers have received a list of 94 abstracts which will be delivered on orally or in posters.

During the five-day meeting, the participants will discuss the latest techniques to solve "few-body" problems in physics and the latest findings in physics, she said. (*)(http://www.antara.co.id)

Breaking News From Broken Symmetries : Nobel Prize in Physics 2008

2008-10-17T13:12:00.000-07:00

The breaking news of this year in physics is a honor to three physicists who working on the spontaneous symmetries breaking. One of them is Prof. Y. Nambu from the Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago ,who got a half of the sharing prize. He got a prize for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics. The second is Prof. Makoto Kobayashi from the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan and the third one is Prof. Toshihide Maskawa  from Kyoto University. Each of them got quarter of the sharing prize. Both proposed the theory for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature.

Anyway, in the standard model, spontaneous symmetry breaking is accomplished by using the Higgs boson and is responsible for the masses of the W and Z bosons. A slightly more technical presentation of this mechanism is given in the article on the Yukawa interaction, where it is shown how spontaneous symmetry breaking can be used to give mass to fermions. The picture  on the  right  side is  a  famous  "Mexican  Hat" which describe the spontaneous symmetry broken.

Bayesian Analysis in Kaon Photoproduction

2008-10-09T14:01:00.000-07:00

Angular distributions of differential cross sections from the latest CLAS data sets ~\cite{bradford}, for the reaction ${\gamma}+p

{\rightarrow} K^{+} + {\Lambda}$ have been analyzed using associated Legendre polynomials. This analysis is based upon theoretical calculations in Ref.~\cite{fasano} where all sixteen observables in kaon photoproduction can be classified into four Legendre classes. Each observable can be described by an expansion of associated Legendre polynomial functions. One of the questions to be addressed is how many associated Legendre polynomials are required to describe the data. In this preliminary analysis, we used data models with different numbers of associated Legendre polynomials. We then compared these models by calculating posterior probabilities of the models. We found that the CLAS data set needs no more than four associated Legendre polynomials to describe the differential cross section data. In addition, we also show the extracted coefficients of the best model.

Introduction
Significant information on the structure of the nucleon can be obtained by studying its excitation spectrum. Over the last few decades, a large amount information about the spectrum of the nucleon has been collected. Most of this information has been extracted from pion-induced and pion photoproduction reactions. However, pionic reactions may have biased the information on the existence of certain resonances. Constituent quark model calculations predict a much richer resonance spectrum than has been observed in pion production experiments~\cite{capstick}. Predicted resonances which have not been observed are called "missing" resonances. Instead, the constituent quark model also predicts that these "missing" resonances may couple strongly to K$\Lambda$ and K$\Sigma$ channels or other final states involving vector mesons~\cite{capstick,mart1,mart2}. Since performing kaon-hyperon, kaon-nucleon or hyperon-nucleon scattering experiments is a daunting task, kaon photoproduction on the nucleon appears to be a good alternative solution~\cite{mart1,mart2}.

Experiments on kaon photoproduction and electroproduction started in the 1960s. However the old experimental data are often inconsistent and have large error bars. In recent years a large amount of data for kaon photoproduction has been collected. High statistics data from CLAS, for differential cross sections, recoil polarization, $C_{x}$ and $C_{z}$ double polarizations for the reaction $\gamma + p \rightarrow K^{+} + \Lambda$ have been published~\cite{bradford,bradfor2}. Additional experimental data have also been measured by SAPHIR~\cite{glander,tran,glander2}, LEPS~\cite{sumihama,zegers} and GRAAL~\cite{leres}.

Several previous analyses have been applied to the results of these experiments, such as Isobar models~\cite{mart1,mart2,ireland,janssen,janssen2} and Coupled channel models~\cite{shyklar,usov,penner}. However different theoretical model calculations often produce very different predictions. In Ref.\cite{fasano} all sixteen observables in kaon photoproduction were shown to be classified into the classes ${\cal L}_0(\hat{{\bf I}};\hat{{\bf E}};\hat{{\bf C_{z'}}};\hat{{\bf
L_{z'}}})$, ${\cal L}_{1a}(\hat{{\bf P}}; \hat{{\bf H}}; \hat{{\bf C_{x'}}}; \hat{{\bfL_{x'}}})$, ${\cal L}_{1b}(\hat{{\bf T}}; \hat{{\bf F}}; \hat{{\bf O_{x'}}};\hat{{\bf T_{z'}}})$ and ${\cal L}_2(\hat{{\bf {\Sigma}}}; \hat{{\bf G}}; \hat{{\bf O_{z'}}}; \hat{{\bf T_{x'}}})$, where each class is an expansion in a different set of associated Legendre polynomials. What is not apparent is how many terms in each expansion are required. This work attempts to address the issue by examining data models with different numbers of terms, and calculating which one has the greatest posterior probability. In this article we only focus on the differential cross section observables, which are described by the associated Legendre class ${\cal L}_0$. (PTPH)

Who was the Reverend Thomas Bayes?

2008-10-09T13:37:00.000-07:00

Bayes, Thomas (b. 1702, London - d. 1761, Tunbridge Wells, Kent), mathematician who first used probability inductively and established a mathematical basis for probability inference (a means of calculating, from the number of times an event has not occured, the probability that it will occur in future trials).
He set down his findings on probability in "Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances" (1763), published posthumously in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
The only works he is known to have published in his lifetime are Divine Benevolence, or an Attempt to Prove That the Principal End of the Divine Providence and Government is the Happiness of His Creatures (1731) and An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and a Defence of the Mathematicians Against the Objections of the Author of the Analyst (1736) which countered attacks by Bishop Berkeley on the logical foundations of Newton's calculus.

Here is some more information about Bayes taken from the book The Official Guide to Bunhill Fields. Bunhill Fields is a park in London, England where Bayes is buried (see The Burial Place of Bayes below).

He was a Presbyterian minister in Tunbridge Wells from 1731, son of the Rev. Joshua Bayes, a Nonconformist minister. It is thought that his election to the Royal Society might have been based on a tract of 1736 in which Bayes defended the views and philosophy of Sir Isaac Newton. A notebook of his exists, and includes a method of finding the time and place of conjunction of two planets, notes on weights and measures, a method of differentiation, and logarithms.

Thomas Bayes' contributions are immortalized by naming a fundamental proposition in probability, called Bayes Rule, after him. (The following is quoted from the Encyclopaedia Britannica)

Bayesian Analysis

2008-10-09T13:28:00.000-07:00

What is Bayesian Analysis?

What we now know as Bayesian statistics has not had a clear run since 1763. Although Bayes's method was enthusiastically taken up by Laplace and other leading probabilists of the day, it fell into disrepute in the 19th century because they did not yet know how to handle prior probabilities properly. The first half of the 20th century saw the development of a completely different theory, now called frequentist statistics. But the flame of Bayesian thinking was kept alive by a few thinkers such as Bruno de Finetti in Italy and Harold Jeffreys in England. The modern Bayesian movement began in the second half of the 20th century, spearheaded by Jimmy Savage in the USA and Dennis Lindley in Britain, but Bayesian inference remained extremely difficult to implement until the late 1980s and early 1990s when powerful computers became widely accessible and new computational methods were developed. The subsequent explosion of interest in Bayesian statistics has led not only to extensive research in Bayesian methodology but also to the use of Bayesian methods to address pressing questions in diverse application areas such as astrophysics, weather forecasting, health care policy, and criminal justice.

Scientific hypotheses typically are expressed through probability distributions for observable scientific data. These probability distributions depend on unknown quantities called parameters. In the Bayesian paradigm, current knowledge about the model parameters is expressed by placing a probability distribution on the parameters, called the "prior distribution", often written as

When new data y become available, the information they contain regarding the model parameters is expressed in the "likelihood," which is proportional to the distribution of the observed data given the model parameters, written as
This information is then combined with the prior to produce an updated probability distribution called the "posterior distribution," on which all Bayesian inference is based. Bayes' Theorem, an elementary identity in probability theory, states how the update is done mathematically: the posterior is proportional to the prior times the likelihood, or more precisely,

In theory, the posterior distribution is always available, but in realistically complex models, the required analytic computations often are intractable. Over several years, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was realized that methods for drawing samples from the posterior distribution could be very widely applicable.

There are many reasons for adopting Bayesian methods, and their applications appear in diverse fields. Many people advocate the Bayesian approach because of its philosophical consistency. Various fundamental theorems show that if a person wants to make consistent and sound decisions in the face of uncertainty, then the only way to do so is to use Bayesian methods. Others point to logical problems with frequentist methods that do not arise in the Bayesian framework. On the other hand, prior probabilities are intrinsically subjective -- your prior information is different from mine -- and many statisticians see this as a fundamental drawback to Bayesian statistics. Advocates of the Bayesian approach argue that this is inescapable, and that frequentist methods also entail subjective choices, but this has been a basic source of contention between the `fundamentalist' supporters of the two statistical paradigms for at least the last 50 years. In contrast, it is more the pragmatic advantages of the Bayesian approach that have fuelled its strong growth over the last 20 years, and are the reason for its adoption in a rapidly growing variety of fields. Powerful computational tools allow Bayesian methods to tackle large and complex statistical problems with relative ease, where frequentist methods can only approximate or fail altogether. Bayesian modelling methods provide natural ways for people in many disciplines to structure their data and knowledge, and they yield direct and intuitive answers to the practitioner's questions.

There are many varieties of Bayesian analysis. The fullest version of the Bayesian paradigm casts statistical problems in the framework of decision making. It entails formulating subjective prior probabilities to express pre-existing information, careful modelling of the data structure, checking and allowing for uncertainty in model assumptions, formulating a set of possible decisions and a utility function to express how the value of each alternative decision is affected by the unknown model parameters. But each of these components can be omitted. Many users of Bayesian methods do not employ genuine prior information, either because it is insubstantial or because they are uncomfortable with subjectivity. The decision-theoretic framework is also widely omitted, with many feeling that statistical inference should not really be formulated as a decision. So there are varieties of Bayesian analysis and varieties of Bayesian analysts. But the common strand that underlies this variation is the basic principle of using Bayes' theorem and expressing uncertainty about unknown parameters probabilistically. (quoted from http://www.bayesian.org/ ).

KELVIN 2007

2008-10-04T15:59:00.000-07:00

Lord Kelvin was a giant of the 19^th Century Science, his fundamental contributions to thermal physics, electromagnetism and optics being matched by practical achievements ranging from undersea amplifiers to marine compasses.

In Glasgow, where Kelvin held the chair of Natural Philosophy for over 50 years, we plan to celebrate the 100^th anniversary of his death by inviting four leading scientists to look where the fields Kelvin started are now and where they are going. Sir Michael Berry will talk on vortices in light, Ed Hinds on cold atoms, Wilson Sibbett on telecommunications and Denis Weaire on Foams and Kelvin’s Legacy. The event will be chaired by the current holder of the Kelvin Chair, David Saxon.

This event will be held in the recently renovated Kelvin Gallery within the historic buildings of Glasgow University and adjacent to the Huntarian Gallery and Kelvin Exhibition.

Asia -Pacific Few Body 2008 Conference 2008

2008-10-04T04:04:00.000-07:00

I was very glad to attend the Asia-Pacific Few Body 2008 in my own country. This conference, i thought the biggest conference in nuclear physics which there was in Indonesia as long as i knew. That was one reason why i attended this conference. Another reason is because i got funding support from department, so i can back to Indonesia with free beside attend the conference :). Anyway, the conference started on 19-23 August in Indonesia University. The chairmans of local committee are Dr. Imam Fachruddin and Prof. Dr. Terry Mart. This conference attended the physicist from many country such as Japan, USA, Germany, Iran, Australia, Thailand, UK. Almost all of the participant presented about N-N interaction (two body), N-N-N interaction (three body), Kaon Photoproduction as well as the experimental.(PTPH)

Fifth International Conference on PERSPECTIVES IN HADRONIC PHYSICS

2007-04-30T14:47:00.000-07:00

Foto pada Fifth International Conference on PERSPECTIVES IN HADRONIC PHYSICS, Particle-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Scattering at Relativistic Energies, Trieste Italy, 22 - 26 May 2006. From left to right, Suing Paccha Ruben Dario ( Equator), Roy J. Glauber (USA), Arnau Rios (SPAIN) and me. Roy J. Glauber attended this conference to give a talk about the quantum theory of optical coherence.

Many nuclear physicist and theorist attended this conference to give a talk about their working. Nuclear theorist presented about Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS), nucleus-nucleus interaction such as proton-neutron interaction, proton-proton interaction, and nuclear matter. Later, nuclear physics or experimentalist presented what they measured in their experiment and explained the challenge or opportunity which they are going to do in their next experiment. They also offered the nuclear theorist to submit proposal to them for doing collaboration.

Through Deep Inelastic Scattering, the nuclear theorist tried to study and understand the interaction between quarks in protons and neutrons on the nucleus as well as spin of the quark and gluon. Another presenter presented about extreme density in nuclear matter and neutron star properties and Pentaquark. One of them was me.

Dari Quark ke Manusia

2007-04-17T14:07:00.000-07:00

Pengetahuan tentang peradaban manusia dan semua interaksi di alam hampir dapat dijelaskan secara keseluruhan dengan ilmu fisika. Dimulai dengan ditemukannya atom sebagai penyusun terkecil materi oleh Demokritus pada abad ke-5 SM. Dilanjutkan dengan ditemukannya proton yang ditemukan oleh Ernest Rutherford pada tahun 1918 melalui eksperimennya dimana partikel alpha sebagai proyektil digunakan untuk membombardir gas Nitrogen sebagai target. Dan ditemukannya elektron oleh JJ. Thompson serta ditemukannya netron oleh James Chadwick pada tahun 1932. Pada tahun 1961, Murray Gell-Man dan Kazuhiko menemukan quark yang dikenal sebagai quark model.

Dengan ditemukannya quark, maka terbukalah jalan bagi kita untuk bisa menjelaskan interaksi yang terjadi secara mikroskopis yang terjadi dalam tubuh manusia. Tubuh manusia tersusun dari organ-organ tubuh seperti organ pernafasan, organ pencernaan dan lainnya. Kemudian, organ tubuh disusun oleh jaringan-jaringan. Jaringan terdiri dari sel-sel. Sel terdiri dari molekul-molekul. Molekul terdiri dari atom-atom. Atom terdiri dari inti atom dan elektron (Lepton). Inti atom terdiri dari nukleon-nukleon yang tersusun dari proton dan netron. Setelah ditemukannya quark maka proton dan netron bukanlah partikel elementer lagi, dimana proton dan netron tersusun dari tiga quark yakni uud (dibaca : Up, Up, Down), netron disusun oleh udd (dibaca: Up,Down,Down) secara berturutan.

Dengan diketahuinya penyusun elementer dari tubuh manusia maka terbuka jalan untuk mengetahui apa sebenarnya yang terjadi didalam tubuh manusia dan bagaimana tubuh manusia bisa tersusun sedemikian rupa. Benarkah ini bisa dijelaskan dan benar-benar bisa diteliti? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, tidak bisa dengan menulis dan berteori ria, so lets do it.